Tuesday, December 6, 2016

Investigating the Feelings of Texas Tech University Stakeholders about the Black Lives Matter Movement



ESL 5315 ACADEMIC WRITING, FALL 2016
Judas Tadeo
  
INVESTIGATING THE FEELINGS OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY STAKEHOLDERS ABOUT THE BLACK LIVES MATTER MOVEMENT
  
Instructor: Mr. Leverett Thomas
December 5, 2016    
 Abstract
                We conducted a survey among Texas Tech university stakeholders to investigate their feelings about the Black Lives Matter movement. Our respondents included undergraduates, graduates, and staff. Our study was guided by a predetermined set of hypotheses that helped us draft the survey questions.
                We examined the feelings of stakeholders about several aspects that included the nature of protest by Collin Kaepernick, whether the police were fair to blacks or not, whether racism was a problem or not, etc. Interesting findings showed that most of the respondents were not in support with the nature of the protest by Collin Kaepernick, though they supported the movement.  We successfully attained our goal of investing such various aspects of the Black Lives Matter movement as will be seen in the next sections of this write-up.
The Black Lives Matter Movement
We investigated the Black Lives Matter amongst Texas Tech University students to gain an insight into their feelings and opinions about the issue. Several articles showed us how other different people felt horrified by the issue. This included the native white Americans who are civilians.  In fact, though the issue exists, it is only compounded and intensified by a few police officials but not civilian Americans. Worley (2015, para.14), in the article “11 Major Misconceptions About the Black Lives Matter Movement” advised blacks to avoid defying the police in any way possible and also to stop “engaging in combative behavior when confronted by police.” Worley (2015, para.14), for instance, felt blacks lead to the escalation of the matter due to their combative behavior. Curtis (2015, para.15), in the same article, responded to Worley (2015, para.14), by citing several incidents where no combative behavior or lack of cooperation with police existed, but still people lost their lives. Curtis (2015, para.15) clearly expressed her feelings supporting the movement. On the 27th of November 2015 in the same article, Patricia Worley (2015, para.20) also expressed her feelings and said, “When I saw the video footage of the murder of that poor young man by that police officer, I was horrified, physically sickened, and totally outraged. I am a white American that wants the injustices, inequities, and particularly the violence to stop against black people.”
 Many whites, businessmen, politicians, and intellectuals came up to offer their opinions in a bid to sustainably and completely eradicate the vice. In the article “Thousands Of Employees Erupt In Support of CEO After Powerful Speech About Black Lives Matter” by Wong, (2016, para.4), AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson in his speech said, “When we talk about race, let’s begin the discussion with ‘Why?’ Why does my colleague feel this way? If we could understand why, it’s so much more likely that we could begin to agree on what needs to be done. You guys are a model for America. Look around. It does not get any more diverse than this.” Glenn (2016, para.2), also expressed his feelings and opinions saying, “I believe the greatness of our country lies in our founders’ creation of a system that allows and encourages all voices to be heard. The only way for our society to work is for each of us to respect the views of others, and even try to understand and empathize with one another. I have always tried to work toward this goal, even though I have often been guilty of conflating the individual with the whole”.  While we saw different individuals and parties coming up with opinions to eradicate the vice, we also carried out a survey in Texas Tech University to understand how the key stakeholders, mainly students, felt about the issue and the movement, and also got their opinions on how to eradicate the vice.
While many may be wondering what intensifies the vice, Hafner (2016) unveils that police brutality and consequently, counterattacks made onto the police result in extrajudicial killings, which eventually intensify the matter. The matter does not only focus on killings but also on lack of justice. Hafner suggests that Black Lives Matter should have its focus on black-on-black crimes which are steered up by extreme poverty levels amongst the blacks. The matter also reveals that while blacks suffer such life atrocities and mayhems, many white Americans also suffer exactly the same things though at quite a low rate (in the ratio of 1:3 approximately) (Hafner, 2016). Our survey of approximately 300 respondents covered most of key aspects stipulated in the above paragraphs which were guided and regulated by the hypotheses in the subsequent sections.
Literature Review
Peniel (2016, para.1) indicated that the matter simply started with a hashtag (#) but has now turned into a “rallying cry, a cause and a movement in the wake of the deaths of black men at the hands of police”.  In the article “A HerStory of the Black Lives Matter, The Creation of a Movement” by Garza (2014), literature revealed that the Black Lives Matter started as movement that was created in 2012 by Alicia Garza.  Garza (2014) with her two sisters Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi formed the movement after the murder of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman on the 28th of February, 2012 in Sanford, Florida.  In July 2013, Zimmerman was acquitted of the murder charges against him, since he admitted doing it in self-defense to a teen that would have killed him.  Garza (2014, para.1) pointed out that George Zimmerman was exonerated of this murder, but yet Trayvon Martin “was post-humously placed on trial for his own murder “and that this was unfair. Zimmerman was a civilian white American as stipulated in George Zimmerman (n.d.) in Wikipedia. The article affirmed that the movement was meant to peacefully counter anti-black racism. This can be inferred from the statement, “Black Lives Matter is an ideological and political intervention in a world where black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise.  It is an affirmation of black folks’ contributions to this society, our humanity, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression” (Garza, 2014, para.2).
McLaughlin (2016) indicated that the movement was fueled by social media platforms of Twitter (with the tag #BlackLivesMatter) and Facebook, when a multitude and a big network of people responded to posts from Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi after the exoneration of of a by then a 28 year old Zimmerman by a Florida Jury in July 2013 (Zimmerman, 2015, para.1).
                A point to note is that Trayvon Martin was murdered by a civilian. The murder of another unarmed black teenager, Michael Brown, as stipulated in Wikipedia, sparked up yet another fire into the Black Lives Matter. Michael Brown, 18, was shot by a 28 year police Officer called Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri on the 9th of August, 2014. The article Ferguson Unrest in Wikipedia describes the protests that occurred in Ferguson the day after the murder of Michael Brown. The protest also continued on 24th of November, 2014 when the Jury did not indict the police officer, Mr. Wilson. Wikipedia (para.1) revealed that, “the unrest sparked a vigorous debate in the United States about the relationship between law enforcement officers and African Americans, the militarization of the police, and the Use of Force Doctrine in Missouri and nationwide” and thus proliferating activism against the vice. There had been a series of murders reportedly, by police officers, as a result of self-defense, to protect their lives as the key reason. The murders led to different protests as described in the next section.
Upon every death, hundreds of African American communities gather to the streets in a bid to eradicate the vice with the tag “Black Lives Matter”. As described above, the Ferguson unrest was one such protest that gathered hundreds to the streets. The protest was violent as several properties were destroyed and others looted as described in the article, Ferguson Unrest (n.d.) in Wikipedia. While the police officers involved were in most cases not indicted by the grand Juries, the Black Lives Matter activists thought and felt it was unfair and an injustice to the blacks by the police. We therefore carried out a survey to investigate what Texas Tech students felt about this matter. Several such protests had been carried out in different cities whenever there was such an incident.
Several forms of protests had been seen amongst renowned African Americans. One such case was that of Collin Kaepernick, who continuously and intentionally refused to stand while singing the American national anthem at the start of football games. Wyche (2016) showed that Kaepernick regarded the Black Lives Matter as more important than football and that he vowed to remain in the protest regardless of the outcome. Amidst much criticism, the 49ers group surprisingly issued a statement which conclusively supported Kaepernick’s right to express his feelings. His coach also clearly said, it was Kaepernick’s right to do what he thought was right. The National Football League also issued a statement that exempts players from standing during the singing of anthems, denoting that though necessary, it was not mandatory. The Coach highlighted that there was not any incident whatsoever, where Kaepernick had been threatened to be removed from football, or stakeholders simply sitting to discuss his exit from football. Amidst several protests, the shootings had not stopped yet as witnessed amongst the police and the blacks.
Based on the literature reviewed, the Black Lives Matter remained an issue whose probable sustainable solution still seemed just theoretical, imaginary, and unachievable yet. Our research that was purely academic was guided by the following hypotheses to gain an insight among Texas Tech students about their feelings and opinions on the cross-cutting issues of the Black Lives Matter.
Hypotheses for the Survey
1.       80% of American students would admit they were not equally at peace with the matter.
2.        All our respondents would freely tell us if they felt the killings by police were accidental or not. This hypothesis would clear our intuition as to whether people felt the police were fair to the black people or not.
3.       90% of our respondents that supported the movement, whether Americans or not, would not support the nature of the protest by Collin Kaepernick but would support his right to protest. In general, we believed people supported his right but didn’t agree with his nature of protest.
4.       The biggest number of respondents would agree with our belief that racism, though a big problem in the United States, could still be addressed. In this case, respondents would provide some probable solutions for eradicating the vice. On the other hand, if the reverse was true, respondents would provide reasons for the likely cause of the death incidents.
5.       We believed that 95% of all our respondents, mainly Americans, would be very familiar with the issue. This was basically to investigate the extent to which the movement was familiar.
Methods
To conduct our study, we carried out a survey amongst Texas Tech university students and staff as our target respondents.  But first, we designed a survey that had forty four questions in total. All the questions were fitted on 2 pages of a single paper. This was done to ensure that we had a portable but yet a comprehensive survey. Our major target was to have a total of at least 300 respondents. There were two different classes all taking the academic writing course that were involved in the survey. Each class contained a total of 10 students making a total of 20 student researchers, with each one of us targeting a minimum of thirteen respondents. Our Instructor and his three Teaching Assistants each conducted the survey as well. We were thus 24 in total who did the survey. In general, our target of obtaining at least 300 respondents was 97.3% achieved as will be further elaborated in the next section. There were no strict conditions that guided our selection of respondents apart from ensuring that we had a higher number of Americans, and within the university arena.  We were otherwise free to go anywhere on campus and interact with any person we could meet regardless of gender, religion, political affiliations, age, or race. In any case, we did not inquire of any such details from our respondents before issuing them the questionnaire.
The data that we needed to collect was comprehensively catered for in the survey questions that were either directly or indirectly addressing our hypotheses. My hypotheses that guided the structuring of some of the Black Lives Matter questions are as summarized below:
                I believed that 80% of American respondents would admit that they were not equally at peace with the matter. I also believed that all our respondents would freely tell us if they felt the killings by police were accidental or not.
                More so, I and my fellow researchers were in agreement that 90% of our respondents that supported the movement, whether Americans or not, would not support the nature of protest by Collin Kaepernick but would support his right to protest. We believed that people supported his right but did not agree with his nature of his protest.
                I believed the biggest number of respondents would agree with us that racism was a big problem in the United States, but it could as well be easily addressed. This meant that respondents would provide probable solutions for eradicating the vice or provide reasons for the likely cause of the death incidents if they never believed that racism was the problem. We also believed 95% of all our American respondents would be very familiar with the issue. This was to investigate the extent to which the movement was popular. All our survey questions were guided by such hypotheses from different researchers.
As earlier mentioned, our survey had a total of 44 questions, all fitted on only 2 pages of a single paper. The questions were divided into four sections that included one section for demographic questions (4 questions in total), and three sections for our three major topics. The topics included Social Media (21 questions), Parental Leave (10 questions), and Black Lives Matter (9 questions). Our survey had not more than three open ended questions. Most of the questions were closed and required yes/no answers, or simply selecting a value based on a specific given scale for rating.  Our classes were grouped into three, each handling a topic.
After the data was collected from different places around campus, each one of us fed it into Google sheets that were shared among all of us.  We decided that we would not use sophisticated tools like SPSS to analyze the data, but rather use simple tools like Microsoft Excel to generate all graphs, and charts that we would need to make inferences. For convenience, we agreed that we would each export the data from shared central Google sheets to our local personal computers. This would enable each one of us to carry out any form of data manipulation without inconveniencing others.
                In conclusion, I wish to point out places from which I collected my data. They included Student Union Building (SUB), Student Wellness Center (1 staff), College of Engineering, and my roommate from my apartment in University Courtyard. In total, I had a sample of fifteen respondents, though all were Americans. We all went to different places, though most of my colleagues could have gone to the SUB as well. Our respondents were representative in terms of gender but not necessarily department. Our survey was a fairly random sample of 300 respondents from Texas Tech University. The findings of our survey are divulged in the next section, Results.
Results
As stipulated in the previous chapters, our survey targeted Texas Tech University stakeholders, who included both staff and students. Our major preference was to have the highest number of our respondents as Americans, which goal we successfully achieved.  We got a total of 292 respondents, out of whom 86% were Americans. 65% of the American respondents were from Texas. The international respondents constituted only 14%. The number of males among only the international respondents was higher the number of females. To be more specific, the international male respondents were 65% and females were only 35%. On the contrary, the number of females among only the native respondents was slightly higher than those male native respondents.  Quantitatively, female constituted 52% compared to 48% males among the native respondents. In general, there was seemingly an equal distribution of respondents in terms of gender, with male being higher than female by only 2%. However as earlier stipulated, of all the American respondents, slightly more than a half of them were females.
In terms of age distribution, the highest number of respondents lay between the ages of 18 and 22. These constituted 62% of the total respondents. Of this category of respondents, the majority who constituted 76% were from Texas, 21% from the other parts of the United States but not Texas, and only 3% were international respondents of this age category.   Our results also indicated that females constituted the highest number of this age group with a total percentage of 53% compared to males who were slightly less than a half (47%). Further analysis on this age group indicated that 92% were actually undergraduate students and graduates only formed 7% of this age group. 1% of these were working with the university. Only 1 out of 10 respondents were found to be aged 29 or more. On the contrary, our results indicated that this age group of our respondents was dominated by the internationals, who constituted 42%.  The distribution of respondents of this age group across Texas and other parts of the United States other than Texas were 41% and 17% respectively. Our analysis of the gender distributions among this age group indicated that it was dominated by females who constituted 53% compared to 47% of the males. The rest of the respondents lay between 23 and 28 years of age as shown in the figure below. These constituted 28% of the total respondents. Like those aged between 18 and 22, there was seemingly a similar trend of distribution in terms of citizenship, with almost half (49%) of these respondents from Texas, 29% from other parts of the United States other than Texas, and 22% were international respondents.  This age category was largely dominated by males who constituted 61% compared to 39% of females. Compared to the 18 to 22 age category which was dominated by undergraduate students, our results indicated that this category (22 to 28) was largely dominated by graduate students with a percentage of 66%. Undergraduates under this category constituted 33%, which was quite a large number. Other respondents who included staff only formed 1% of this age category. In general, our results indicated that undergraduate students ranked highest to respond to our survey, constituting 67% of the total respondents and most of them were aged between 18 and 22. Graduate students ranked second, and most of them were aged between 23 and 28.  We only managed to get 1 out of 15 respondents as a staff who largely lay between age categories of 23 to 28 and 29 or more. These formed the smallest number amongst the three categories. 
Findings about the Hypotheses
Our survey had a total of 9 questions that covered the Black Lives Matter movement.  Our structuring of the questionnaire was guided by the different hypotheses as earlier stipulated. Our major intention was to get opinions and feelings of Texas Tech university stakeholders about the various aspects of this movement. The subsequent paragraphs summarize our investigations as guided by the five hypotheses.
In our first hypothesis, we believed that 80% of Americans would admit that they were equally not at peace with the matter and thus bothered. However, our results clearly indicated that the largest number of our respondents was not bothered at all by the matter.
Statistically, those not bothered at all constituted 54% of our respondents, while those who were strongly bothered only constituted 10%. Also, 1 out of every 29 of our respondents was not sure of whether they were bothered by the matter or not.  In general, 36% of our respondents indicated they were bothered by the matter. These included those strongly bothered and those who were simply bothered. This number, however, was less than those not bothered at all. This nullified our expectation that the highest number would be constituted by those not at peace with the matter.
Our second hypothesis was mainly to assess what the respondents’ feelings were about the extra judicial killings by the police. Specifically, we wanted to know if at all they thought that the police were fair or not. This also investigated the extent to which people felt the killings were accidental. 66% of our respondents believed that the killings were not accidental. 13% percent of our respondents strongly believed that the killings were not accidental, while only 6% believed that the killings were purely accidental. This hypothesis was guided by questions 4 and 9 of the Survey.
81% of our respondents all felt that the killings were not accidental. On the other hand, our findings on whether there was need for a fair treatment of the blacks by the police indicated an opinion in contrast.  The percentage of respondents not in agreement with fair treatment was higher than those who thought there was need for a fairer treatment. More than a half of our respondents (55%) felt there was no need for any fairer treatment of the blacks by the police, while 45% indicated there was need for a fairer treatment. 
Our study also sought to investigate the feelings of our respondents about nature of the protest by Collin Kaepernick, who refused to stand during the singing of the American Anthem at the start of football games.  Initially, we generally believed that our respondents would not support his nature of protest but would support his right to protest. From our findings, the highest number of our respondents actually agreed and supported Collin Kaepernick’s nature of protest. 26%, however, completely disagreed with him, while those who were in line with our initial expectation were 25%. These believed in the Black Lives Matter movement but not the nature of the protest. 15% of the respondents were not generally sure about this.
In our study, we also sought to investigate the extent to which Texas Tech university stakeholders would agree with the fact that racism was a big problem in the United States, but it could as well be addressed. We actually believed that the largest number of our respondents would admit that indeed racism was a big problem. Our findings on this hypothesis clearly indicated that we were right. 72% of our respondents all felt that racism was indeed a big problem in the United States. While 1 out of 11 respondents were not aware of whether racism was a problem or not, 19% of the respondents completely disagreed that racism was a problem.
Lastly we also intended to investigate the extent to which the Black Lives Matter movement was familiar to our respondents.  We largely believed that the movement would be to the greatest extent very familiar amongst 95% of our respondents. The largest number of our respondents admitted they were familiar with the matter, with 44% being very familiar and only 6% not familiar with the matter at all. We were thus right with our initial belief about the Black Lives Matter on this hypothesis.
Discussion
As earlier stipulated, we conducted our study to find out the feelings of different stake holders at Texas Tech University about different aspects of the Black Lives Matter movement. It is inferred from the previous section, the biggest number (62%) of our respondents were aged 18 to 22, and did not have children. This was largely because most of us conducted our survey at Student Union building, which in most cases could be occupied by undergraduate students. The general observations therefore were largely influenced by the feelings of undergraduates. As earlier mentioned, our study was guided by several hypotheses from a number of fellow researchers. Our hypotheses categorically stated our initial beliefs about what people would say regarding the different aspects of the Black Lives Matter. Largely, our initial expectations stated in our hypotheses didn’t match with the feelings of our respondents as discussed in the following paragraphs.
In the first place, it was completely in contrast to realize that the largest number of our respondents was not bothered at all by the Black Lives Matter movement. Our initial belief that the largest number of respondents would admit to being not at peace as well, was not actually true as indicated in the results section above. Though we had a big percentage bothered, the highest percentage was not bothered at all. In my endeavor to justify this result, I had earlier thought that this largely depended on age, with the view that most undergraduates largely mind about their own academic affairs and give little or no attention to matters that do not directly impact their lives, as opposed to those a bit older. 62% of our respondents were aged between 18 and 22, of which 82% were either not bothered at all or simply bothered. Only 10% of these were strongly bothered. To be more specific, 51% were found not to be bothered at all. In comparison, only 10% of our respondents were aged 29 or more. I expected that these were more strongly bothered than the young ones. To my shock, the biggest percentage (68%) was not bothered at all and only 7% of these were strongly bothered. This thus nullified my justification above and led me to think that probably, the highest number of those not bothered were males, since ladies tend to be more empathetic than males. This forced me to do further analysis on our data. Almost a half of our respondents were females. Of these, 73% were not bothered at all and only 7% were strongly bothered.  Of the males, 56% were not bothered at all and 12% were strongly bothered. This analysis showed the reverse of what I thought was true.  The percentage among females not bothered at all was higher than that among males. The two reasons cited were not the right justifications for the having the biggest number not bothered at all. I therefore concluded that since our respondents were largely students, their major focus was on academic affairs and thus little or no attention was given to the events of the Black Lives Matter movement unless such events (e.g. protests) directly affect their normal duties.
Our results also indicated that the biggest number of respondents felt that the extra-judicial killings by the police were not simply accidental.  This result rather indicted the police for being responsible for the actions. The fact that 81% of the respondents indicated that the killings were accidental did not necessarily mean that the police should be blamed wholly as an institution. A few police culprits who proliferate the matter should be put under due jurisdiction by courts of law and brought to justice. Some of our respondents indicated that there was need for more training of police officers, since most of them acted out of fear even  when they were not sure that the suspect had a gun or not. The existence of guns among the civilian communities is definitely one sole reason that acts as a major catalyst of the killings. Though this is not acceptable to many, the best way to promote humanity and eradicate accidental killings is by having a gun free community with government entirely responsible for protecting the inhabitants.
We also determined to know the feelings of our respondents on whether the police were fair or not. Though a big percentage of our respondents felt the extra-judicial killings were not accidental as indicated above, the highest percentage thought police were fair. Also emphasized in the results’ section, this showed an opinion in contrast. However, it follows that the biggest percentage of police officers were actually fair and would not be a threat to anyone’s life irrespective of gender, race, religious belief, or political affiliations. A few police officers who committed such atrocities should not endear us to generalize that the police were not fair. We are can therefore conclusively say that in general, the police are fair.
Since our study was largely dominated by American respondents in accordance with our target, it was pretty obvious that the highest number would not agree with the nature of the protest by Collin Kaepernick. However, as indicated in the results, only 25% agreed with him but did not support his nature of protest. Added to those who did not agree with him completely, 51% percent did not generally support his nature of protest. However almost a half of the respondents agreed with him and supported his nature of protest. This can be attributed to the fact that to most people, peaceful coexistence and respect for human rights that are the core building blocks of humanity matter more than respect for symbolism which can’t inflict direct torture and suppression to human life or be a threat to security, political, and economic systems of any country.
In our study to investigate the extent to which respondents thought that racism was a big problem in the United States, our results indicated that our initial belief was true, that racism was indeed a big problem in the United States. This was mainly due to empirical evidence of a series of extra judicial killings by the police targeting the blacks. If the same killings were happening to all other races at the same rate, one would be right to deduce that the killings were an indicator of inadequate and ineffective training acquired by the police.  Precisely, the respondents were right to feel that indeed racism was a big problem in the United States. However, 19% of our respondents did not agree that racism was a problem. Others felt that it was not a problem until President Obama investigated it. I wouldn’t immediately deduce that leaving it uninvestigated and thus happening in silence meant the problem did not exist. However, if one identified symptoms of a likely disease in the body and decided to ignore it leaving the disease to be suppressed by body immunity and positive attitude, one would not necessarily eliminate the disease from his/her body. It would later on manifest in rather a severe manner that can result in fatal consequences. As it is said, prevention is better than cure.
Lastly, our study revealed that only 6% of our respondents were not familiar with the Black Lives Matter movement. Perhaps these were Internationals who possibly had not spent long in the United States. Otherwise, almost all our respondents were familiar with the matter. This was due to the fact that a series of events have occurred in the United States in line with the Black Lives Matter. Such events include shootings, protests, and court cases.
Conclusion
Our survey was largely dominated by undergraduate students and thus we did not generally have a very good representative sample based on level, and different majors were not put into consideration. However, our sample was representative of gender. Our study indicated that most of respondents were not actually bothered by the Black Lives Matter movement. Others thought that it was in a wrong direction due to its violent nature during the protest. Our results could have in one way or the other been influenced by the way our questions were phrased. But largely, we had interesting findings and our major goal was achieved.



Appendix: Survey Questions for Black Lives Matter



1. Do you think police stereotype African-Americans with crime more than any other race?
___ Yes                    ___ No     ___ don’t know/not sure
2. How familiar are you with the motives of the #BlackLivesMatter movement?
___ very    ___ a little    ___ not much   ___ not at all
3. Do people of color need to be treated and approached more fairly by police in the USA?
___ Yes      ___ No       _____ don’t know/not sure
4. Do you think that #BlackLivesMatter movement is moving in the right direction?
___ Yes    ___ No       if not explain why?
5. Do you think racism is a big problem in the U.S.?    ___ Yes    ___ No        ___ not sure/don’t know
6. Do you support Colin Kaepernick’s Anthem Protest?   Do you agree or not with him?
___ Agree & support   ___ believe in BLM but not Anthem protest    ____  No     
7. Do you think #BlackLives Matter movement will encourage violence against the police?
              ___ Yes   ___ No   ___ not sure
8. Some people argue that the Black Lives matter movement is overly exaggerated by media and thus not necessary. Do you think this movement by black activists is not necessary and that it should stop    [ a] Agree  [b] Strongly agree   [c] Disagree  [d] Strongly disagree  [e] Not sure
9. Several media have reported loss of many black lives that have occurred in due confrontation with Police. To what extent do you think this is accidental?  (5-purely accidental)
  [ a ] 1    [b]  2       [c] 3      [d] 4     [e] 5


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 Zimmerman , G. (n.d.). In Wikipedia.  Retrieved on 10/01/2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zimmerman

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