The impact of social media on Texas
Tech University community
Texas Tech University
12/06/2016
Abstract
This
paper explained the impact of social media on student life. The detailed report
on the topics such as student perception of social media for social change,
positive and negative impacts, passion for using social media applications,
privacy in social media, the responsibility of the government in privacy
issues, students using social media in class for non-class purposes was
documented. The survey was carried out at Texas Tech University in order to
document the report and conclude the results. The findings were reported
clearly. We were able to find some interesting results.
Keywords:
Texas Tech University, social media, privacy in social media, surveys.
(Author:
Bhargavi Gude)
Introduction
We as a
group of ESL-5315, Texas Tech University, decided to study the impact of social
media on students. Irrespective of whether social networking is favorable or
unfavorable, numerous students use social media on a daily basis. Schill (2011)
states that social networking provokes negative thoughts and ideas in students’
minds. Several researchers are working on the area of impact of social media on
students’ lives and how social media influences students’ retention in schools.
Studies have shown both positive and negative results, as it depends on
peoples’ own perception of social media. By social networking, here, we mean
Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, LinkedIn and that kind of sites. Of them, the
most famous one is Facebook. People have their own privacy in these sites.
These have introduced us to many methods to connect to people. Parents are
worried about their children, as they are not properly concentrating on
education while getting used to these networking sites.
Our current
study mainly focuses on both positive and negative impacts of social networking
sites on students, whether the social media are a tool for social change or not
and how they affect the academic performance of students in college. Social
networking sites allow users to create a profile, to share information with
people, to showcase their social life to their peers, follow news on different
topics and raise discussions about new topics (Kumar, 2014). On the other hand,
there are many arguments that explain the reduced students’ performance. They have been emerging so fast in the recent
years and their impact is throughout the world, as social networking sites are
able to incorporate communication tools such as mobile phones. Social media are
attractive. They would provide students a tool to release their stress. Some
students also spend countless hours on networking sites. This review will
explain the statement of the research problem, purpose of research, importance
of research and hypotheses of student opinion on social media. We hope this
research would give the audience an idea of the impact of social media.
Literature Review
Earlier, communication and sharing of thoughts were
restricted by long distance, nationality, and religion but in the current
world, there are no barriers to the flow of information, with the emergence and
easy usage of social networking sites. Social media affect people’s day to day
regular activities in many ways, for example, reading a newspaper to sharing
the news with a neighbor. They give people some sort of comfort in their
activities. Social media are people’s choice. In social media, the public is
given the choice to choose their own friends and follow the groups we like to.
It is an artificial world that people create according to their own wishes and
priorities. Therefore, it should not lead to any conflict or disagreement.
Social media give people freedom to act by just sitting in front of their
computers. It is a virtual world that is entirely dramatic and different from
the real world. Although people rarely have a real dialogue in social media, a
healthy dialogue is a vital dialogue for a social change (Querol, 2016). Perhaps, it is thought
that healthy dialogue is when people exchange their thoughts with one another.
In one of the studies, it was observed that posting
personal experiences on social media may improve the memory of people, and they
find memories are easier to recall when social media posts previous posts and
videos to them (Kumar, 2014). The social media act as a tool that helps in
building connections with old friends and distant relatives, people who we lost
contact with (Morgan, 2016). Of them, Facebook is the most popular one and
attains attention from most of the researchers. Facebook permits individuals to
speak with each other regardless of how far from each other two individuals
are. A few people may contend that phones are likewise ready to do this
assignment. In any case, individuals can send messages instantly to
beneficiaries, whether or not they are online through Facebook. What's more,
individuals can redesign their lives by posting a photo or a few words
regardless of where they are. Based on Dr. Richard’s (Harvard School of
Education) and other researchers’ study, it has been suggested that group study
is more beneficial than the stereotyped teaching system. The cause behind more
impact of group study is that students can share their opinions and dilemmas
and they can clear all the confusions if they act as a team. Social media can
be an excellent resource for students to educate themselves by using various
types of group messaging and sharing any topic with the world (Tomasjewski,
2012). Another positive point is
that Facebook can locate our old companions when we browse their names in the
search tool. Individuals can build up their interests by perusing other
individuals' posts or likes (Shlokinani,
2012).
On the other hand, research studies also found that
people are losing their originality; they are so much into this unrealistic
world that they are not even finding beauty in what they are experiencing in
the real world. In fact, even the researchers themselves are users of social
media, but the question here is the way it is being used. Take the example of
Facebook and Snapchat. People tend to feel jealous when they do not participate
actively in activities displayed on the sites. People collaborate with other
individuals through Facebook as opposed to eye to eye. In this circumstance,
individuals would diminish their social capacities, particularly the young boys
and girls who need to build up this skill.
According to the author Morgan, 2016, there is nothing
wrong in expressing one’s views on social media, keeping in mind that people
are cautious while using the platform. Another negative point that social
networking gives us is low profitability. For instance, when laborers are on
obligation, they would take a look at their telephone to check the online
networking for a little time amid the workplace hour. Clearly, it would
enormously decrease profitability. Posting a lot of individual data would give
people a chance to lose their protection. Their online networking records might
be hacked effortlessly and their own things might be stolen, for example,
Mastercards. The health issue is another important aspect to consider here.
However, there is not much proof in the area of crumbling down of the
psychological condition of young people and overuse of sites (Gregoire, 2015).
Hypotheses
Online networking may not tackle every one of the issues
on the planet, but rather it has surely served as an apparatus in bestowing
majority rule government, education, justice and equity (Sharma, 2016). It is
important for sharing information such as news, films or articles. Students
might feel social media is a tool for social change. We are curious to know if elders or teenagers use social media more
for social change or if it is irrespective of their age that people use social
media for social change. But the interesting fact is that young people
worldwide are very conscious of the potential of social media for causing
social change, yet Americans seem reluctant to use it for social change. They
prefer social media to make new friends online and for playing online games. On
the whole, social media is a tool for social change. This could be because
communication using social media is entirely different from one-way
communication such as television and newspapers. Social media give people a
chance to express their own opinion and support someone else’s thought if they
feel it is correct. This leads to a huge importance for the public voice. We
are conducting a survey on the people of age group 18 to 25 on an average and
some faculty of Texas Tech University. So, we are getting the opportunity of
considering younger and older generations and how they perceive social media. We may end up concluding the older
generation are finding it difficult to get adopted to the current situation and
how social media is helpful in transforming their lives. Privacy could be
the main concern and they are still using the technology of emails for
interaction.
Social media tend to have both positive and negative
impacts on students. Positive include the construction of relationships, easy
access to information and sometimes stress release, and negative include
decrease in the productivity at workplace and identity crisis. It might be possible that, though
students will answer that they are not supposed to use social media in class
for non-academic activities, yet they use social media. This would be an
obvious negative effect on students. Mwila says “On the other hand, students
are more likely to get addicted to networking and they rely on the internet
instead of learning practical knowledge and expertise of everyday life” (Mwila,
2015, para. 6). According to a report by Common Sense Media, teenagers in the
United States spend about 9 hours per week using media for their enjoyment.
There are also gender differences when it comes to media habits of teenagers.
Steyer stated that girls use social media for more social interactions, whereas
teenage boys are much more likely to be gamers (Wallace, 2015). Boys use
networked gaming to engage themselves and interact with their friends. Though there is not enough literature
available in the area of students using social media to remember things to do
every day, I believe we might not get a majority of students saying yes for
this. But there might be enough
people to say likes for their posts alter their mood. People feel this as a
sign of popularity. East stated that teenagers’ brains respond in similar ways
to both seeing their loved ones and getting likes on their photos on networking
sites (East, 2016). When it comes to choosing one application, I believe students will vote for Facebook,
as it is easy to access and it is the nearly universal social networking site.
Although LinkedIn is ranked as one of the most popular networks in the world,
students hardly tend to use it when they are not job hunting. The United States is creating laws to ensure
the safety of individuals' data on online networking (Claypoole, 2016). It is
interesting to collect the opinions of people based on this regard as we expect
the majority of people would take the side of government ensuring safety.
Methods
We, ESL 5315, as a group of 24 members, agreed on
collecting thirteen surveys each. Thirteen included six males, and six females,
all of them Americans at Texas Tech University, and the person collecting the
survey. Also, we were free to collect data from international students as long
as they were from Texas Tech University. Our survey included topics such as
social media, parental leave, and Black Lives Matter. We agreed on collecting
our data from random people so that our data was not skewed. Most of our group
went to the Student Union of Texas Tech, as we thought people at the SUB would
be willing to fill out the surveys. Also, we thought that our data would not
get skewed. Yet, we were not completely successful as we had no restrictions on
which TTU students each person had to ask. It was more representative in the
sense of male and female surveys, as we agreed on six males and six females but
we might not have gotten more representative data in terms of certain aspects
such as race, or socioeconomic status. All our class group successfully
collected data and every one of us had different experiences while surveying.
Overall, the survey had 36 questions, out of which eighteen were related to the
topic social media, nine were related to the topic parental leave and nine more
were related to the topic, Black Lives Matter. I was interested in some of them
as my topic of interest was social media.
It had some open-ended questions, yes or no questions and
rating questions. We also gave an option “not applicable” to some questions. We
wanted to know if the elders or teenagers used social media for social change
or whether it was irrespective of their age that people used that for social
change. Also, we were curious to find out whether the older generation was finding
it difficult to get adapted to the current situation and how social media were
helpful in transforming their lives. We thought it would be more useful to
check whether social media had negative or positive impacts on the lives of
people and if students agreed on using social media in class. We wanted to know
if they preferred only one social networking site, what it would be, if they
felt “likes” for their posts altered their mood or not and if they felt social
media was helpful to better their studies. We wanted to know how long they
preferred spending each day on social networking sites and what they would use
them for. We were also curious about whether people responded to conflicts in
social media. As recently, social media started posting old experiences such as
photos and events, we thought of making a question related to that topic.
Finally, we wanted to know whether they felt their privacy was being
compromised in social media and whether they voted for the government taking
certain steps in protecting personal privacy in social media. Based on our
interests, we prepared overall thirty-six questions. We made these questions so
that we could collect data that was needed for our research work. Some of the
people who took surveys commented that questions five and six were alike. In
question nine, we omitted a word “steps”, but no one made a comment on that; it
seems everyone understood the sense of the question. A few people had also
difficulty in figuring out what parental leave meant.
The survey also had demographic questions, so that we
would be able to make conclusions about our results more easily. Demographic
questions included the person’s education level, age, gender, and origin, and
if that person had children. In this way, we could get information regarding
how people of different age groups and genders thought. People taking the
survey were very welcoming, and they felt socially responsible in giving the
surveys. The survey went peacefully overall. We successfully ended up in
collecting the data and used Google Sheets to represent our data.
Results As our
group decided on each person randomly collecting a minimum of thirteen surveys,
we also collected our surveys from international students, which allowed us to
study in more detail, differences between the people of the United States and
internationals. In addition, we collected data from overall 296 people, out of
whom 150 were males and 146 were female. This was fortunate, as we got almost
equal males and females and it became easy for us to compare the results on
gender differences. We also had got the opportunity to survey with the faculty.
As we were interested in certain aspects of social media,
we ended up with the following conclusions. We wanted to know if elders or
teenagers used social media for social change. It was concluded that people of
all age groups used social media for social change to the same extent. It can
be evident from the results, 25% of the age group people 18-22, 22% of the age
group people 23-28, and 23% of the 29 and more age group people agreed upon the
fact that they used social media more often for social change. Comparing
Americans to the rest of the world, it was also surprising that both use social
media for social change to the same extent. Also, we could see the older
generation are also getting adapted to the current situation in the sense that
social media is helpful in transforming their lives. So, our assumption that
Americans are reluctant to use it for social change was wrong. It was good to
see the majority of people said they use social media for social change more
often or at least sometimes.
Based on the topic of importance of students using social
media in class for non-class purposes, we had the assumption that a majority of
them would opt for using social media in class, though it is bad. We had a
majority of students saying they try to avoid social media in class for
non-class purposes. 55% of the students said they try to avoid it, 22% were on
the side that they do it but think it is bad, 17% percent of them said they do
but it is okay, and 6% said they always do that in class. It was astonishing
for us as we got the response of 17% of the students saying it is okay to use
social media for non-class purposes and 6% of the people saying they always do
it in class. Based on the conclusions, our hypothesis was wrong.
We assumed boys used social media for gaming, whereas
girls use it to interact with friends. It can be concluded from the data that a
higher percentage of guys use it for checking news, and females, though a
majority of them voted for checking news, stood better in the area of shopping
and making new friends than boys. People who have not voted for any of these
options were interested in keeping up with their friends. 56% of the total surveyors
opted for checking news, out of whom 92 were males and 72 were females, 21%
were for other things such as checking with friends, and 19% for making new
friends, out of whom 21 were males and 33 were females, and the remaining 4%
for shopping, with 3 males and 8 females who opted for it. For shopping, this
was an unexpected number, as we generally see people using social media for
shopping. This might not be people’s first or second choice for using social
media.
As we already thought, social media has both positive and
negative impacts; we had data collected in this area. It was very few people
who voted for social media causing negative impact; most of them had the
opinion that it had either positive or no impact on their lives. 49% of the
people had the positive opinion, 15% had the negative opinion and the remaining
36% of the people had the opinion of social media causing no impact on their
lives. When it comes to whether “likes” for their posts in social media would
alter people’s mood or not, we assumed that the majority would say that it
would change their mood. But we made a completely wrong assumption. The
majority of them said it would not alter their mood. 56% of the people’s mood
would not be altered; 27% of the people’s mood would get altered with “likes”
for their posts, 15% were not sure and 2% were either not sure or had never
used social media. Also, we assumed that people would not use social media when
it comes to remembering things to do every day. Three-fourths of the people had
reported that they do not use social media to remember things. 74% said they do
not use it, and 26% said they do use it to remember things. So, our hypothesis
was correct.
We believed that people would vote for Facebook when it
came to choosing one application. The majority of people voted for Facebook,
followed by Twitter and Snapchat and a very few people had chosen LinkedIn.
Data showed that 44% opted for Facebook, 17% for both Twitter and Snapchat, 13%
for Instagram, 7% for the other apps such as Pinterest and Tumblr, and 2% for
Linked In. Therefore, our hypothesis that Facebook would stand up first was
correct. But it was surprising that LinkedIn stood last, though it is one of
the most popular networks in the world.
We were curious in collecting data regarding whether the government
has to take steps to protect personal privacy in social media. The majority of the surveyors said it
depends, and a slightly smaller group of people said they would like the
government to take appropriate actions. Also, we had people saying they do not
want the government being concerned about the privacy in social media. 39%
voted for the option “it depends”, and 34% were expecting the government to
take steps, whereas 27% opted for “no”. It was to our surprise that a decent
number had voted for the government not needing to take action regarding the
privacy. There were almost equal number of people who felt that their personal
privacy was being highly compromised and a little compromised in social media,
and a significant number of people reported that their privacy was not being
compromised in social media. 37% and 35% of people reported their privacy was
being compromised to the greater extent and a little, respectively. 28%
reported that their privacy was not being compromised. This could clearly
explain the outcome that 27% of people opted that the government does not need
to take steps to protect personal privacy in social media.
Discussion
As the quantitative data of results clearly depicted in
the survey outcomes, here is the qualitative analysis of the outcomes. Social
media is the main concern in the current generation. We tried our best in
getting knowledge of the extent people rely on social media and their opinions
on using social media. From our findings, we did understand that people of all
age groups used social media for social change to the same extent. It was
irrespective of their age that they use social media. This is important to
consider, because we got to know how social media influenced people; we thought
people of the older generation might be still finding it difficult in the
current situation, but they were not. They were getting adapted to the change.
As we always aimed for a better usage of social media, we found the majority of
people use social media for social change. Our findings also concluded that a
significant number of students try to avoid social media in class for non-class
purposes. This finding shows us that students thought using social media for
non-class purposes in class might not be a good idea.
Considering passion for social media, we found that a few
people use social media for shopping. This surprised me, because I had the view
that people more often shop online and they tend to use social media for
shopping. Here, we had asked them to choose one out of several options; this
could have made people choose something more representing themselves such as
checking news or making friends. We could have asked this question in a better
way, i.e. giving them all the options and asking them to rate those according
to the extent they use it. When it comes to “likes”, people gave the opinion
that “likes” never affected their mood, which was something to think about.
Generally, “likes” do affect people’s mind; this is the natural human
psychology. But to our astonishment, we got the results that did not favor our
thought. This is most probably that they had that inherent feeling, but people
did not want to let others know that “likes” did affect their mood and they did
not like the feeling that “likes” or social media could control their mind.
Hence people might have given a wrong option.
We wanted to know the application that was standing first
in the race of social media, and it was Facebook, as we expected. The
surprising thing here was that LinkedIn was standing at the last. This was
something unusual that we did not expect. This might be because they were given
only one choice. As people could not think of themselves just using one social
media application LinkedIn, which is generally useful for professional work, in
this case, they might have thought that they would lose contact with their
friends and also might not get updated with trending news. Finally, we did get to know that people that
strongly wanted the government to take steps regarding personal privacy in
social media were one-third of the people that said “it depends” and “no”. People said “it depends” might be because in
some of the applications, people were given the option to keep their
information private or public and in that case, it was purely people’s choice
to make it public or private. Hence the options “it depends” and “no” were
given by two-thirds. But, this is not the case every time, as social is media
facing the problem of compromising with the personal privacy sometimes.
Overall, our data was not purely representative, because
the large number of people that took surveys were engineering students; we did
not get a chance to go to the law school or medical school; also, we did not
get to speak to them anywhere on the TTU campus, because we rarely find them
outside. This kind of problem skewed our data to some extent. Also, we did get
a total number of 294 surveys, which was not a satisfactory number to conclude
and generalize the results. In the future, if we would get a chance to survey
again, we would make sure that we get enough surveys to generalize the results.
Conclusion We
were always curious to know what the effect of social media on people’s day to
day lives was and how it impacted their lives. We did get to know the
interesting views of people from our findings. The survey gave all our group
members a new experience of talking to people regarding the topics such as
social media, parental leave, and Black Lives Matter.
Social
media are tools, and there has been a huge development in this regard for the
past few years, as they have become the part of people’s day to day life. This
gave us the thought of investigating people’s reaction. The most important
finding in my research was that yes, social media do effect people. They used
it for social change, checking news, making new friends, shopping and many other
activities would have fund difficult without the evolution of social media.
Though social media had both positive and negative impacts, it was understood
that one’s own attitude towards social media was the most important thing to
consider while talking about positive and negative effects. As social media was
facing some issues regarding people’s personal privacy, few had the thought
that the government had to take certain steps to address those. We thought it
necessary to find their passion for using social media. It was good to know
that people use social media to get them updated with the news, and to maintain
social relation with their peers. Out of all the applications, Facebook was the
tool that people had been using more often. The outcomes of the survey were
reported in the results section. If not for the time constraint, we would have
tried for still more representative data.
Appendix
ESL 5315 Academic Writing Thank you for filling out our survey!
(Black Lives Matter, Social Media, Parental Leave)
Demographic Questions:
1. ___
Undergraduate ____Graduate ____ Faculty/Staff/Other
2. ___
Male ____Female
3. Age
____ 18-22 ____ 23-28 ____ 29 or more
4. Where
are you from, originally? ___
Texas ___ USA, not TX ___international
Survey
Questions on Social Media
1- Do you use social media as a tool for social change? For
example, sharing news, film, or an article that you think is important for
promoting social awareness regarding an issue?
___ Often ___
Sometimes ___
Rarely ____ Never ___ N/A don’t know
2- How much do you think social media helps you to have a
dialogue with the people you don't know?
___ meet a lot of people I didn’t know ___ sometimes ___ doesn’t help/rarely ___ N/A
3- Do you think social media has a positive impact on your
social life or a negative impact?
___ positive ____
negative ____ N/A, not sure, no impact Why?
4. How long do you use social media each
day?
____ > 4 hrs/day ___
>2 hrs/day ____>1
hr/day ____ >1/2 hr/day ____ <1/2 hr/day
5. Do you agree social media makes you happy? ___
Yes a lot ____ sometimes ____ usually not ____ N/A/don’t know
6. If you
were allowed to use only one social media application what would it be? ___ Facebook ___ Snapchat ___ LinkedIn ___ Instagram ___Twitter
___ Any
other ____________
7. Social
media sites are nowadays extensively used for networking. Are you in favor of
it? ___ Yes ___ No ___ Maybe ___
I don’t care
8. What is
the social media tool you most frequently use every day?
___ Facebook ___ Instagram ___ Twitter ___ other:
__________________________________
9. What is your passion for using social media
applications?
___ Checking news ___ Making
new friends ___ Shopping
___ Other: _______________________
10. Have you ever been worried about personal privacy being
compromised in social media?
___ Yes ___ No
___ A little
11. Do you think the government needs to protect the personal
privacy in social media?
___ Yes ___ No ___ It depends
12. Do
you think social media is useful for expressing your opinion? ___ Yes
___ No ___ It depends
13. Do you feel
satisfied when you get “like” from your friends for what you post online?
___ Yes
___ No ___ Not sure ___ N/A,
Never use social media
14. When reading
posts on social media, I would rather use simple “likes” and facial expressions
to give posters feedback instead of detailed feelings and comments.
___ Yes
___ No ___ It depends N/A,
Never use social media
15. When socializing
online, I find memories are easier to recall when social media posts previous
photos and events to me. ___ Agree
___ Neutral ___ Disagree
N/A, Never use social media
16. Do you think
posting violent scenarios in social media sites should be allowed?
___ Yes ____ No _____ Not sure/N/A
17. What
is your opinion about using social media during the class? (choose the best)
___ always do ___ do & think it’s ok ___ do but it’s bad ___ try to avoid it
18. Do you think
social media can be helpful for better studies? ___ Yes
____ No
If yes, how does it
help?
Survey
Questions on Parental Leave
1. Should
males get equal number of days of leave as a female gets in case of expecting a
baby? ___ Yes ____ No
___ don’t know
2. Should a
Parental leave policy be made and mandated by the government? ___ Yes ___ No
____ don’t know
3. If you
are working at a company offering paid parental leave, will you take
parental leave if your boss and peers do not take it? ___Yes ___No ___Maybe
4. Do you
prefer companies with parental leave over companies without parental leave
when you look for a job, given that other conditions of the companies are
similar? ___Yes ___No
___Maybe
5. Will
you support a presidential nominee more than before if he or she announced
a proposal of paid parental leave?
___Yes ___No ___Don't care
6. Do you
think the presidential nominee will be able to actually make a policy of paid
parental leave after he or she becomes a president? ___Yes ___No ___Depends
7. To what extent do you agree with the
below statement?
“Maternity and
paternal leave favors the economy and leads to investment return, as satisfied
employees work better and feel more responsible”
1-Totally agree 2-Somehow agree 3-Neutral
4-Somewhat disagree 5-Totally
disagree
8. What do you think the right
proportion of the paternal leave is to maternity leave? (Assume maternal leave
is 12 weeks and paternal leave 1-2 weeks)
1-Paternal leave is
not necessary 2-The existing
proportion is sufficient
3-Paternal leave
should be extended 4-Paternal leave
should be equal to maternity leave
9. Do you
think that unmarried men would vote for paid parental leave?
___ Yes ___ No
10. Extend the length
of paid parental leave for pregnant women, and broaden the coverage of people
to paid parental leave. Which is more important?
___
Extend the length ___ Broaden the
coverage ____ Both equally
important ___ neither
Survey Questions for
Black Lives Matter:
1.
Do you think police stereotype African-Americans with crime more than any other
race?
___
Yes ___ No
___ don’t know/not sure
2.
How familiar are you with the motives of the #BlackLivesMatter movement?
___
very ___ a little ___ not much ___ not at all
3. Do people
of color need to be treated and approached more fairly by police in the USA?
___ Yes ___ No _____ don’t know/not sure
4.
Do you think that #BlackLivesMatter movement is moving in the right direction?
___
Yes ___ No if not explain why?
5. Do you think racism is a big problem in the U.S.? ___ Yes
___ No ___ not sure/don’t
know
6. Do you support Colin Kaepernick’s Anthem Protest? Do you agree or not with him?
___ Agree & support
___ believe in BLM but not Anthem protest ____
No
7. Do you think #BlackLives Matter
movement will encourage violence against the police?
___ Yes ___
No ___ not sure
8. Some people argue that the Black Lives matter
movement is overly exaggerated by media and thus not necessary. Do you think
this movement by black activists is not necessary and that it should stop [ a] Agree
[b] Strongly agree [c] Disagree [d] Strongly disagree [e] Not sure
9. Several
media have reported loss of many black lives that have occurred in due confrontation
with Police. To what extent do you think this is accidental? (5-purely accidental)
[ a ] 1
[b] 2 [c] 3 [d] 4
[e] 5
References
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Cornell University. (2016, September
7). Posting personal experiences on social media may help you remember them in the
future. Cornell University. Retrieved
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